Why were mechanical automata, once so prevalent in the Roman Empire, interpreted as magical objects in the medieval Western world And why were such magical interpretations replaced again with a mechanical understanding in the course of the 14th century Truitts book offers a cultural history of understandings of automata through the Middle Ages, presenting us with a vast panorama of sources that include actual, material objects, learned treatises, epic poetry and much more.She uses the topic of automata to reveal anxieties about the foreign in the medieval world, to scrutinize how the hierarchies of knowledge were transformed in the high Middle Ages, and, importantly, to argue for a much earlier emergence of the mechanistic world view than what early modern historians of the scientific revolution usually believe.As it is well known, medieval lore often associated marvels and wonders with the distant corners of the globe.
Intellistim Be 28E Arts Download And InstallYou can choose from the following Quicken version for Mac or Windows OS: Quicken Starter Quicken Deluxe Quicken Premier All you have to download and install the software on your Windows or Mac device.While this unit is unrivalled in the many features offered it remains easy to operate and is ideal for both personal and professional use. This state of the art machine has been specially developed to give optimum treatment. Yet, as it happens, mechanical automata were built in precisely those lands that seemed outlandish to Latin authors: in Byzantum or in Arabic lands. Another embodiment of this invention is a method for re-educating the laryngeal elevator musculature of a patient. This invention also relates to muscle re-education and rehabilitation using a neuro-orthotic device in combination with electrical stimulation of the submandibular muscles to treat laryngeal elevator musculature. More specifically, this invention relates to the use of a neuro-orthotic device, in combination with electrical stimulation of the submandibular muscles, to treat laryngeal elevator musculature. This invention also relates to muscle re-education and rehabilitation by using a neuro-orthotic device, in combination with electrical stimulation of the submandibular muscles, to stimulate laryngeal elevator musculature. People with dysphagia have difficulty swallowing, and may also experience pain while swallowing. A commonly encountered functional abnormality in individuals with dysphagia is a decrease in laryngeal elevation. Often, the decrease in laryngeal elevation is due to atrophy of the laryngeal elevator musculature. The use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for dysphagia treatment has gained increased interest over several years. There have been a few investigative studies into NMES treatments of dysphagia. Some previous studies have focused on research methods involving the stimulation of open nerves in animals. Other studies have focused on the use of electrical stimulation with parameters adjusted to initiate the swallow reflex. In the context of sleep apnea research, some researchers have hypothesized that electrical stimulation may improve laryngeal musculature and thereby decrease apneic episodes. There is, however, an absence of published research combining an orthotic or neuro-orthotic in combination with electrical stimulation to promote laryngeal elevator musculature re-education, rehabilitation, or regeneration. The existing studies are not necessarily a best option for a therapeutic treatment of decreased laryngeal elevation. An evaluation of these techniques for their significance in swallowing rehabilitation and other treatments centered on the submandibular and pharangyeal regions, shows that the specific parameters and uses vary, and the results for the research have not been consistent. One difficulty researchers face is finding the proper balance of treatment and therapy to overcome the decrease in laryngeal elevation. Major goals of treatment and therapy include being non-invasive to the patient, preventing disuse atrophy of the muscles, increasing range of motion, re-educating muscle functions, temporarily decreasing spasticity, and increasing local blood circulation. The present invention, as described herein, is directed to the aforementioned problems, deficiencies and goals. SUMMARY One embodiment is a method for muscle rehabilitation of laryngeal elevator musculature comprising placing a patient into a neuro-orthotic device for elevation of the laryngeal elevator musculature and applying a protocol of an electrical stimulus to the submandibular region for a sufficient period of time using a sufficient electrical input. Another embodiment is a method for non-invasive treatment of laryngeal elevator musculature. The method comprises fitting a prosthetic neuro-orthotic device to a patient, and applying at least one pair of electrodes to the submandibular region of the patient. Once positioned, a repeated pulsing of a pre-determined electrical current is sent through the electrodes. The stimulating of the patients submandibular region muscles is done for a pre-determined period of time.
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